Vehicle-to-Grid Integration in Smart Energy Systems: An Overview of Enabling Technologies, System-Level Impacts, and Open Issues

Unofficial AI-generated summary based on the public title and abstract. Not an official translation.

🔬研究者:Provides a structured overview of V2G technologies and open issues, useful for identifying research gaps.

🏢実務担当者:Offers insights on enabling technologies and system impacts for corporate EV fleet and energy management strategies.

🏛政策担当者:Highlights regulatory and infrastructure challenges that need policy attention to scale V2G deployment.

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology has emerged as a key enabler for coupling large-scale electric vehicle (EV) deployment with the operation of smart energy systems. By allowing bidirectional power and information exchange between EVs and the grid, V2G transforms EVs from passive loads into distributed energy resources capable of supporting grid flexibility, reliability, and renewable energy integration. However, the practical realization of V2G remains challenged by technical complexity, system coordination, user participation, and regulatory constraints. This paper presents a comprehensive review of V2G integration from a system-level perspective. Rather than focusing solely on individual technologies, the review examines how V2G is embedded within smart energy systems, emphasizing the interactions among EVs, aggregators, grid operators, energy markets, and end users. Key enabling technologies, including bidirectional charging, aggregation mechanisms, communication frameworks, and data-driven control strategies, are discussed in relation to their system-level roles and limitations. The impacts of V2G on grid operation, energy management, and market participation are analyzed, with particular attention to reliability, battery lifetime, and user trust. Furthermore, this review identifies critical open issues that hinder large-scale deployment, spanning infrastructure readiness, standardization, economic incentives, and cybersecurity. Emerging application scenarios, such as building-integrated V2G, fleet-based services, and artificial intelligence (AI) supported coordination, are also discussed to illustrate potential evolution pathways. By synthesizing technological developments with system-level impacts and unresolved challenges, this paper aims to provide a structured reference for researchers, system planners, and policymakers seeking to advance the integration of V2G into future smart energy systems.

• openalex https://doi.org/10.3390/machines14040418first seen 2026-05-17 07:00:00 · last seen 2026-05-20 05:15:35