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固体燃料燃焼からクリーンな都市大気へ：ポーランド・クラクフにおける市民活動と低炭素エネルギー移行

From Solid Fuel Combustion to Clean Urban Air: Civil Activism and Low-Carbon Energy Transition in Kraków, Poland (原題)

Monika Pepłowska, L. Gawlik, Wojciech Kowalik

Sustainability📚 査読済 / ジャーナル2026-09-21#エネルギー転換Origin: EU対象セクター: power
DOI: 10.3390/su18189673
原典: https://doi.org/10.3390/su18189673

🤖 gxceed AI 要約

日本語

本論文は、ポーランド・クラクフの「スモッグ警報（KSA）」を事例に、草の根市民運動が家庭用石炭・木材燃焼から低排出暖房への転換をどう促進したかを分析する。MLP枠組みと社会運動論を組み合わせ、2012年のSNS発信が全国連合へ発展し、2019年の固体燃料燃焼禁止条例と2023年までのPM2.5 60%超削減につながった経緯を追跡。EU規制だけでは不十分で、証拠に基づくニッチ主体の制度的連携が体制転換を可能にしたと結論づける。

English

Using Kraków Smog Alert as a case, this study analyzes how grassroots civic mobilization drove the shift from domestic solid-fuel combustion to low-emission heating in Poland. Combining the Multi-Level Perspective with social movement theory, it traces KSA's evolution from a 2012 social media initiative to a national coalition, culminating in a 2019 municipal solid-fuel ban and >60% PM2.5 reduction by 2023. It finds EU directives alone were insufficient without credible niche actors building institutional alliances.

Unofficial AI-generated summary based on the public title and abstract. Not an official translation.

📝 gxceed 編集解説 — Why this matters

日本のGX文脈において

日本では石炭火力・家庭暖房の脱炭素と大気汚染対策が地域課題となる中、市民運動と自治体規制の連動による移行プロセスは、日本の自治体気候政策や住民合意形成の参考になる。ただし開示・金融枠組みとの直接接点は乏しい。

In the global GX context

For global GX, this adds evidence on how civil society and municipal regulation interact to accelerate urban energy transition, complementing top-down disclosure and carbon-pricing approaches. It is relevant to just-transition and air-quality co-benefit debates in coal-dependent regions, though it sits outside TCFD/ISSB disclosure infrastructure.

👥 読者別の含意

🔬研究者:市民運動とエネルギー体制転換の相互作用をMLPで分析する事例研究として、社会受容・政策形成研究に有用。

🏢実務担当者:自治体・地域企業が大気汚染対策と脱炭素暖房を組み合わせる際のステークホルダー連携の示唆。

🏛政策担当者:EU規制だけでは不十分で、市民主体との協働と健康フレーミングが規制実効性を高める点を政策設計に反映すべき。

📄 Abstract（原文）

This article examines how grassroots civic mobilization can drive the transition from solid fuel combustion to low-emission urban heating systems, using the Kraków Smog Alert (KSA) as a case study. Employing the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) framework alongside sociological theories of resource mobilization, frame analysis, and political opportunity structures, the study analyses the mechanisms through which civil society actors can shape energy policy and accelerate emission reduction at the urban scale. The empirical focus is the city of Kraków, Poland, historically one of Europe’s most severely air-polluted cities due to widespread domestic coal and wood combustion for heating. The study draws on documentary analysis, legislative records, stakeholder mapping, and expert interviews conducted within the CO-SUSTAIN research project (Horizon Europe, 2024–2026). The investigation traces KSA’s trajectory from a social media initiative founded in 2012 to the Polish Smog Alert, a national coalition encompassing nearly fifty local groups, culminating in a binding municipal ban on solid fuel combustion in 2019 and a subsequent reduction in PM2.5 concentrations exceeding 60% by 2023. Key strategic mechanisms identified include reactive scaling, health-based reframing of air quality as a public health issue, media amplification, and cooperative institutional engagement with regulatory bodies. An MLP chronological analysis spanning 1945 to 2024 maps landscape, regime, and niche dynamics that enabled the anti-smog energy transition; stakeholder mapping spans actors across NGOs, public institutions, media, and civil society. Findings demonstrate that landscape-level pressure from EU air quality and environmental protection directives alone was insufficient to drive regime change in domestic fuel use without credible, evidence-based niche actors capable of building alliances with institutional stakeholders. The findings offer transferable insights for coal-dependent cities across Central and Eastern Europe seeking to replace solid fuel heating with low-emission alternatives through integrated approaches combining environmental monitoring, energy policy reform, and civic governance. These findings matter for cities across Central and Eastern Europe still reliant on solid-fuel domestic heating, offering evidence-based guidance for civil society organizations and municipal policymakers seeking to accelerate the low-emission transition while protecting public health.

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