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インフォーマリティと事業環境が炭素排出量を左右する要因：環境規制品質の調整効果

Informality and the Business Environment as Drivers of Carbon Emissions: The Moderating Role of Environmental Regulatory Quality (原題)

Teng Ma, Yongxiang Wang, Kingsley Imandojemu, Felix Akinwumi Orole

Business Strategy and the Environment📚 査読済 / ジャーナル2026-11-09#政策Origin: Global経営インパクト: 調達リスク対象セクター: cross_sector
DOI: 10.1002/bse.71747
原典: https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.71747
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🤖 gxceed AI 要約

日本語

145カ国・2005〜2020年のパネルデータを用い、インフォーマル経済と事業環境がCO2排出量に与える影響を分析。インフォーマル生産は排出量を低く抑えるが、それは小規模・労働集約的・資本制約によるものであり、本質的にクリーンなわけではない。事業環境の改善は排出量を増やす傾向があり、環境規制の品質がインフォーマルと排出の負の関係を調整する。フォーマル化や事業改革はそれ自体ではグリーンではなく、規制・グリーンファイナンス・クリーンエネルギーとの整合が必要と結論づける。

English

Using a 145-economy panel (2005–2020), this study examines how informality and business-environment dimensions shape CO2 emissions and whether environmental regulatory quality moderates this relationship. Informality is associated with lower emissions, but this reflects small-scale, labor-intensive production rather than cleaner practices. Most business-environment indicators correlate with higher emissions, especially in lower- and middle-income economies. The authors conclude that formalization and business reforms are not intrinsically green and must be paired with proportionate environmental regulation, green finance, and cleaner energy.

Unofficial AI-generated summary based on the public title and abstract. Not an official translation.

📝 gxceed 編集解説 — Why this matters

日本のGX文脈において

日本企業のサプライチェーンにおけるScope 3排出量や新興国調達先のインフォーマル部門の把握は、SSBJ開示や投資家対応の精度向上に直結する。規制品質の調整効果は、日本が推進するアジア諸国への環境規制・グリーンファイナンス支援の設計に示唆を与える。

In the global GX context

This paper speaks directly to global disclosure debates on Scope 3 and supply-chain accountability, showing that formalization alone does not guarantee lower emissions. It reinforces the ISSB/CSRD emphasis on regulatory quality and green finance as enabling conditions for transition, and offers evidence for development finance institutions designing transition pathways in emerging markets.

👥 読者別の含意

🔬研究者:Informality–emissions nexus and the moderating role of regulatory quality provide a novel empirical angle for climate-policy and development research.

🏢実務担当者:Supply-chain and Scope 3 teams should note that sourcing from informal sectors may understate true emissions and require enhanced due diligence.

🏛政策担当者:Formalization and business-environment reforms need to be paired with proportionate environmental regulation and green finance to avoid lock-in of high-emission growth.

📄 Abstract（原文）

ABSTRACT A low‐carbon transition cannot succeed while a substantial share of business activity remains beyond the effective reach of regulation. This study examines how informality and the business environment shape carbon emissions and whether regulatory quality conditions the environmental consequences of informal production. The analysis uses an annual panel of 145 economies over 2005–2020, combining data from the World Development Indicators and World Bank. Informality is measured using dynamic general equilibrium and Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes estimates, while nine disaggregated business‐environment dimensions capture firm entry, infrastructure, finance, taxation, trade and commercial institutions. Standard negative binomial regression constitutes the principal estimator, with Poisson regression, alternative informality measurement and income‐group estimations used for robustness. The results show that informality is consistently associated with lower aggregate CO 2 emissions, with the relationship strongest in low‐income economies and weakest in high‐income countries. This apparent environmental advantage reflects the small‐scale, labour‐intensive and capital‐constrained nature of informal production rather than inherently cleaner business practices. Most business‐environment indicators are associated with higher emissions, particularly in lower‐ to middle‐income economies, suggesting that enterprise expansion and energy demand may outpace the diffusion of cleaner technologies. Environmental regulatory quality moderates the negative informality–emissions relationship. The findings show that neither informality, formalisation nor business‐environment reform is intrinsically green. Governments should therefore align formalisation and business reforms with proportionate environmental regulation, green finance, cleaner energy and supply‐chain accountability to reconcile enterprise development with climate objectives.

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