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A Stackelberg game-based approach for optimal scheduling of virtual power plant with V2G and demand response under tiered carbon trading

段階的炭素取引下でのV2Gとデマンドレスポンスを考慮した仮想発電所の最適スケジューリングのためのStackelbergゲームに基づくアプローチ (AI 翻訳)

Zhonghe Han, Xiaojian Liu, Peng Li, Haokun Shang, Zhi Wang, Wensheng Zhao

Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy📚 査読済 / ジャーナル2026-01-01#エネルギー転換Origin: CN経営インパクト: コスト削減対象セクター: power
DOI: 10.1063/5.0301312
原典: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0301312

🤖 gxceed AI 要約

日本語

本論文は、仮想発電所（VPP）の低炭素・経済的協調運用のため、Stackelbergゲームモデルを提案。VPP運用者をリーダーとし、エネルギー供給事業者とユーザーアグリゲーターをフォロワーとする。V2Gと統合型デマンドレスポンスをリアルタイム価格で連携し、段階的炭素取引メカニズムを導入。ケーススタディでは、VPP運用者の収益17.15%増、消費者余剰8.75%増、炭素排出7.75%減、負荷ピーク差57.13%減を実証。

English

This paper proposes a Stackelberg game model for optimal scheduling of a virtual power plant (VPP) integrating V2G and integrated demand response under a tiered carbon trading mechanism. The model coordinates the VPP operator, energy suppliers, and user aggregators to balance low-carbon and economic goals. Case studies show a 17.15% increase in VPP operator revenue, 8.75% increase in consumer surplus, 7.75% reduction in carbon emissions, and 57.13% reduction in peak-valley load difference.

Unofficial AI-generated summary based on the public title and abstract. Not an official translation.

📝 gxceed 編集解説 — Why this matters

日本のGX文脈において

日本では、再生可能エネルギーの導入拡大に伴いVPPの重要性が高まっており、本論文のV2Gとデマンドレスポンスの協調最適化は、電力系統の安定化と脱炭素化に寄与する。また、炭素取引の段階的導入は、日本のカーボンプライシング政策（GXリーグ等）の設計に示唆を与える。

In the global GX context

This research contributes to the global discourse on integrating carbon pricing with demand-side flexibility in VPPs. The tiered carbon trading mechanism offers a practical approach for policymakers designing carbon markets, while the V2G and demand response coordination provides insights for grid stability and renewable integration, relevant to TCFD and transition finance discussions.

👥 読者別の含意

🔬研究者:Provides a novel game-theoretic framework for VPP scheduling that integrates carbon trading with demand response, offering a basis for further research on multi-stakeholder optimization.

🏢実務担当者:Offers a practical model for VPP operators and aggregators to optimize operations under carbon constraints, potentially improving revenue and reducing emissions.

🏛政策担当者:Demonstrates the effectiveness of tiered carbon trading in incentivizing low-carbon behavior, informing the design of carbon pricing mechanisms.

📄 Abstract（原文）

To achieve efficient collaborative operation of a virtual power plant (VPP) under low-carbon and economic goals, A multi-energy coordinated scheduling framework for VPP is proposed. A Stackelberg game model is established with the VPP operator (VPPO) as the leader and the energy supplier operator and user aggregator (UA) as followers. The main contributions include: an electric vehicle (EV) charging/discharging strategy was designed, which ensures its practicality through managed fixed charging/discharging windows and state of charge constraints; concurrently, integrated demand response (IDR) coordinated with Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology via a real-time pricing mechanism to optimize controllable device outputs and shape user consumption. A tiered carbon trading mechanism is further introduced to analyze the game decision-making behavior of each entity under carbon constraints. A VPP in a certain park incorporating renewable energy and combined cooling, heating, and power units is selected as the research case to verify the proposed method. Case simulation results demonstrate that VPPO revenue increases by 17.15%, UA consumer surplus rises by 8.75%, system carbon emissions reduce by 7.75%, and the load peak-valley difference decreases by 57.13%. The proportion of electric demand response load and the number of EVs participating in V2G operations will impact the revenues of different entities and load stability. Studies indicate that the strong constraints of the tiered carbon trading mechanism on major carbon emitters, combined with the collaborative optimization capability of V2G and IDR, can effectively balance low-carbon economic goals and multi-stakeholder interests, providing theoretical support for the low-carbon transformation of complex energy systems.

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