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製油所の深層脱炭素化：SMR統合と低炭素水素製造の技術商業フレームワーク

Deep Decarbonization of Refineries: A Techno-Commercial Framework for SMR Integration and Low-Carbon Hydrogen Production (原題)

I. T. Cheruvathoor

Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference (ADIPEC)ジャーナル2026-11-02#水素経営インパクト: コスト削減対象セクター: power
DOI: 10.2118/235782-ms
原典: https://doi.org/10.2118/235782-ms

🤖 gxceed AI 要約

日本語

インドの製油所・石油化学部門を対象に、小型モジュール炉（SMR）を既存の石炭火力・CFBCコジェネ・天然ガス改質と比較する技術商業フレームワークを提示。SMRは90%超の稼働率で150〜250MWの電力を安定供給し、蒸気併産で有用エネルギーコストを約54%低減。炭素価格50〜100ドル/トンで化石代替に対し競争力を持ち、単一サイトで年200万トン超のCO2を回避しうる。水素は電解で3.56〜3.79ドル/kgとグレー水素（1.82ドル/kg）を上回るが、電力価格次第でパリティに達する。

English

A techno-commercial framework comparing SMR integration in Indian refineries against captive coal, CFBC cogeneration, and natural gas SMR. SMRs supply 150-250 MW at >90% capacity factor and cut useful-energy cost ~54% with steam export. At USD 50-100/t CO2 they outcompete fossil options, avoiding ~2.0-2.1 Mt CO2/yr per site. Nuclear electrolysis hydrogen costs USD 3.56-3.79/kg versus USD 1.82/kg grey, with parity driven by electricity price rather than carbon price.

Unofficial AI-generated summary based on the public title and abstract. Not an official translation.

📝 gxceed 編集解説 — Why this matters

日本のGX文脈において

日本のGX文脈では、水素・脱炭素電源の組み合わせによる産業クラスター脱炭素の参考事例となる。特に炭素価格感度分析は、日本が導入を検討するカーボンプライシング下での水素コスト競争力評価に示唆を与える。

In the global GX context

Adds rare quantitative evidence on nuclear-enabled industrial decarbonization and low-carbon hydrogen economics, directly relevant to global debates on transition finance, carbon pricing design, and hard-to-abate sector pathways under ISSB/TCFD disclosure of transition plans.

👥 読者別の含意

🔬研究者:SMRと水素の統合評価手法と炭素価格感度の枠組みを、他地域・他産業への応用研究に活用できる。

🏢実務担当者:製油所・産業クラスターの脱炭素投資判断において、電源構成・蒸気併産・水素コストの比較指標として参照可能。

🏛政策担当者:炭素価格水準と電力価格がSMR・低炭素水素の競争力を左右する点は、カーボンプライシング設計と水素政策に示唆を与える。

📄 Abstract（原文）

Abstract This paper assesses the potential of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) to enable deep decarbonization of India's refining and petrochemical sectors, in line with the national net-zero 2070 commitment. It focuses on integrating SMRs within refinery ecosystems to deliver reliable low-carbon baseload power, high-grade process heat, and scalable pathways for low-carbon hydrogen production. A structured techno-commercial framework evaluates SMR-based systems against fossil configurations a refinery already operates — captive coal-fired power, CFBC cogeneration, and natural gas-based steam methane reforming — with renewable-integrated configurations considered as alternatives. A representative Indian refinery (10–15 MMTPA) is modelled on a basis of 200 MWe, 400 t/h of steam at 300°C, and 240 t/d of hydrogen. Key metrics are levelized cost of energy (LCOE), combined cost of energy (CCOE), hydrogen production cost, lifecycle emissions, and operational reliability, with integration pathways — nuclear-assisted steam generation, baseload supply, and large-scale electrolysis — assessed under sensitivities on carbon pricing (USD 0–100/ton CO2, extended to USD 500/ton CO2 for hydrogen), capital cost, capacity factor, and delivered electricity price. Modular SMR deployment can reliably meet refinery energy demand of 150–250 MW at capacity factors exceeding 90%. For power alone, the reactor delivers USD 94.07/MWh against USD 87.68/MWh for coal at USD 25/ton CO2, the two crossing near USD 31.6/ton CO2 on the internal petroleum coke reference and USD 59.1/ton CO2 on railed domestic coal; exporting steam alongside 143.99 MWe net lowers the cost of useful energy by about 54% to USD 43.67/MWh-eq, breaking even against CFBC cogeneration near USD 40.9/ton CO2. Nuclear-powered electrolysis yields USD 3.56/kg by low-temperature electrolysis and USD 3.79/kg by high-temperature steam electrolysis once electrolyser stack replacement over the 30-year life is funded, marginally above the USD 2.5–3.5/kg range, with potential for cost reduction through scale and localization. Grey hydrogen remains at USD 1.82/kg, within the USD 1.5–2.5/kg range, and renewable-based green hydrogen at USD 3–6/kg depending on intermittency and storage; parity with grey hydrogen is therefore set by delivered electricity price, at about USD 18/MWh for low-temperature electrolysis, rather than by carbon price. Compared to fossil-based systems, SMRs substantially reduce lifecycle emissions, avoiding an estimated 2.0–2.1 million tonnes of CO2 annually at a single site, while also avoiding the intermittency challenges associated with renewable energy and reducing reliance on backup infrastructure. Under carbon pricing of USD 50–100/ton CO2, SMR-based configurations become clearly more competitive against fossil alternatives, positioning SMRs as a technically viable and economically resilient solution for continuous industrial decarbonization. This study presents a first-of-its-kind integrated evaluation of SMR deployment in Indian refinery operations, linking nuclear energy with process heat and hydrogen production. It advances existing literature by offering a deployment-oriented roadmap for refinery clusters and industrial hubs, supported by policy insights and scalable business models relevant to India's energy transition.

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