Development of Tier 2 Fugitive Emission Factors for Malaysia's Oil and Gas Systems

Unofficial AI-generated summary based on the public title and abstract. Not an official translation.

🔬研究者:This study provides a robust methodology for deriving Tier 2 fugitive emission factors from operational data, useful for GHG inventory researchers in oil and gas.

🏢実務担当者:Oil and gas companies can apply this methodology to develop their own country-specific emission factors for more accurate reporting.

🏛政策担当者:National inventory compilers can use this approach to improve emission estimates and meet NDC requirements.

Accurate estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from oil and gas (O&G) systems is essential for strengthening Malaysia’s national greenhouse gas inventory and supporting its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) under the Paris Agreement. Current inventory estimates rely predominantly on Tier 1 default emission factors, which may not adequately represent country-specific operating conditions and gas characteristics. This study develops Tier 2 country-specific emission factors (CSEF) for venting, flaring, and all other fugitive emissions across Malaysia’s O&G systems. Emission factors were derived from gas composition based on operational data collected over five years from major O&G assets, representing over 80% of fugitive emissions in Malaysia. The results demonstrate clear variation in Tier 2 CSEF reflecting differences in operating practices and gas composition across the value chain. For the oil system, venting emission factors are 1.37 and 1.24 × 10–¹ Gg/10⁶ m³ for CO2 and CH4, while flaring emission factors are 2.08 and 8.85 × 10–3 Gg/10⁶ m³ for CO2 and CH4. For the gas system, the venting emission factors are 8.87 × 10–2 and 5.66 × 10–¹ Gg/10⁶ m³ for CO2 and CH4, while flaring emission factors are 2.13 and 9.28 × 10–3 Gg/10⁶ m³ for CO2 and CH4. Emission factors for all other fugitive emissions provide representative values across all segments reflecting the application of measurement-based, component-level data. The emission factor findings are further supported by lower uncertainty ranges of ±30% and ±15% for the oil and gas systems, respectively. Overall, the findings show that Tier 2 CSEF derived from nationally representative operational data provides a more accurate and representative basis for estimating emissions from Malaysia’s O&G systems compared to Tier 1 IPCC default values. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing Tier 2 CSEF and supports improved accuracy and consistency in Malaysia’s national GHG inventory reporting for the O&G sector.

• semanticscholar https://doi.org/10.61762/pajevol10iss2art001first seen 2026-07-29 05:33:22