Livelihood Diversification as an Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change and Household Food Security of Livestock Holders in Pakistan

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🔬研究者:Provides econometric evidence on drivers of livelihood diversification and food security, useful for adaptation research.

🏛政策担当者:Highlights the role of off-farm income diversification in strengthening food security under climate stress, relevant to rural development policy.

ABSTRACT Rural farm households continue to face significant risks from climate change, resulting in many of them diversifying their livelihood sources into other income‐generating activities to increase their incomes and improve food and nutrition security. In this study, we examine the drivers and impact of farm households' participation in livelihood diversification as a climate change adaptation strategy among livestock farmers in rural Pakistan. We employ a multinomial endogenous switching regression (MESR) model to account for potential selection bias from both observed and unobserved factors. The empirical results indicate that the average temperature and precipitation contribute significantly to the joint adoption of livestock and non‐farm activities among rural households. In addition, the total number of earning members in the household, total cultivated land, distance to city, and climate change information are significant drivers of participation in livelihood diversification strategies. The results also demonstrate that diversified households with three livelihood sources are more food secure compared to households who did not diversify or are less diversified with two livelihood sources. Our findings suggest that development policies in rural Pakistan should promote livelihood diversification by engaging farm households in other income‐generating activities to improve their food security.

• openalex https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.70133first seen 2026-07-31 05:17:26