SMaK 2: scattering-matrix, wave-vector–resolved wave optics in a data-conditional photovoltaic modelling chain

Unofficial AI-generated summary based on the public title and abstract. Not an official translation.

🔬研究者:GX researchers in renewable energy modeling can adopt or extend SMaK 2 for PV performance studies.

🏢実務担当者:Solar project developers and EPC firms can use SMaK 2 to improve yield predictions and reduce uncertainty.

SMaK 2 is an open-source, data-conditional photovoltaic modelling chain. Its optical core is a deterministic scattering-matrix (S-matrix) wave-optics engine in which polarisation is  carried end-to-end: from Rayleigh sky-polarisation of the incident light, through a dual-polarisation (TE/TM) S-matrix, to in-depth absorption. Light is resolved per in-plane   wave-vector mode (k∥, conserved across planar interfaces by Snell's law) and propagated with the exact complex out-of-plane component (k_z) governing phase and absorption; the  statistical texture generates diffraction modes whose energies are the chained dual-polarisation S-matrix in-coupling (interface reflection and transmission counted once by the  S-matrix, not as geometric path weights) and whose TE/TM cross-polarisation is a vector-Kirchhoff facet-diffraction term, before a two-region Basore carrier-collection model. This  optics feeds a one-diode CEC/De Soto device and an operational stack (soiling, snow, ageing) forced only by measured or datasheet inputs. The chain is data-conditional: each model  activates only when the measurement it requires is present, so the same pipeline runs from a fully-instrumented bifacial site down to a bare power-and-temperature record, with no  parameter fitted to the outdoor power. Its endpoint is a non-circular, regime-by-regime attribution of the annual-energy bias (MBE) — high-irradiance junction self-heating and  low-irradiance pyranometer/diffuse metrology — validated across maritime and clear-sky desert climates plus an out-of-sample inter-annual blind forecast. The repository reproduces  every number in the accompanying article, “A data-conditional photovoltaic modelling chain with non-circular physical attribution of the annual-energy bias: the SMaK 2 algorithm, its  differentiation and applications” (submitted to Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications). Public input datasets are not bundled; their DOIs are listed in   DATA_AVAILABILITY.md.

• Zenodo https://zenodo.org/records/21276132first seen 2026-07-10 04:25:45 · last seen 2026-07-10 04:29:17