Optimal Siting and Operation of Hydrogen Stations in Distribution Networks: Voltage Support, Seasonal Storage, and Market-Driven Scheduling

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🔬研究者:Provides a dual-objective MILP framework for hydrogen station siting and operation, with insights on voltage control and economic viability under different market scenarios.

🏢実務担当者:Offers a method to assess hydrogen station investments for grid support and seasonal storage, including payback period analysis and sensitivity to ancillary service pricing.

🏛政策担当者:Highlights the importance of pricing ancillary services to make hydrogen stations economically viable, informing market design for hydrogen-based grid services.

The need to reduce carbon emissions, combined with the increasing and often uncontrollable penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in distribution networks (DNs), introduces significant operational challenges, including voltage deviations and energy curtailment. This highlights the importance of developing and deploying advanced energy storage solutions. Hydrogen Stations (HSs) represent a promising option for storing surplus energy generated by RES. In this paper, a comprehensive framework for the optimal siting and operation of HSs is proposed, aiming to enhance network performance while ensuring economic viability. Each HS consists of an electrolyzer, a hydrogen storage tank, and a fuel cell (FC), enabling both energy storage and ancillary service provision. Given that many European countries have not yet established the necessary infrastructure for hydrogen transport and trading, hydrogen is utilized exclusively for ancillary services and seasonal storage. Specifically, dual objective mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization models are developed, to address technical and economic objectives, over a one-year planning horizon. The first model focuses on minimizing voltage deviations across network buses, through the optimal siting and operation of HSs, while the second model aims to minimize the total operating cost (OC) under different electricity market scenarios. The methodology is applied to a 33-node Medium Voltage (MV) DN using real load, RES generation, and market price data. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves a significant reduction in voltage fluctuations (up to 50.48% compared to the baseline case), effectively mitigating both overvoltage and undervoltage conditions. Furthermore, the economic analysis reveals that the viability of HS investments strongly depends on the pricing structure of ancillary services, with favorable scenarios leading to annual revenues exceeding ${\unicode {0x20AC}}~1$ million and payback periods below ten years. The proposed framework demonstrates the capability of HSs to support grid operation and facilitate their integration into future ancillary service markets, thus providing a promising solution for DNs with high-RES penetration.

• semanticscholar https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3700028first seen 2026-06-12 05:40:43