D5.6 - Best practice guidelines for battery manufacturing (a)

Unofficial AI-generated summary based on the public title and abstract. Not an official translation.

🔬研究者:This paper reviews regulatory landscape and SSbD implementation for battery manufacturing, identifying research gaps in machinery design phase.

🏢実務担当者:Battery manufacturers can use the practice guidelines (e.g., modular design, material reduction) to comply with EU regulations and improve sustainability.

🏛政策担当者:Provides insight into how EU regulations (Battery Regulation, NZIA) translate into concrete design guidelines, useful for policy design elsewhere.

This deliverable provides guidance on how ecological standards can be integrated early into the battery machinery design and development processes to minimize impacts on the environment and human health. As a first step, key regulatory and sustainability considerations for battery manufacturing in Europe have been outlined by TEK in Section 2. This includes an overview of relevant safety and sustainability requirements, such as the Ecodesign Sustainable Product Regulation (ESPR), the Digital Product Passport and Battery Product Passport, and the Battery Regulation (2023/1542). Furthermore, the Net-Zero Industry Act (NZIA) and the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) are examined in the context of their impact on battery manufacturing. In section 3, the Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) framework has been explored by TEK, highlighting key challenges and proposed actions for lithium-ion battery (LIB) cell production and machinery, including insights from peer-reviewed publications and European projects. However, the existing literature on the implementation of the SSbD approach in battery production remains limited, particularly with regard to the machinery design phase. In addition, looking both at the available regulations and the R&I strategic actions proposed by the European battery research community, it seems that using non-lithium-ion or sodium-ion over NMC chemistries might be an interesting perspective. Nevertheless, trade-offs arise when considering the full lifetime of those alternative technologies and the best option is probably not available at the moment.  A review of the hazard classes and categories that must be considered in battery manufacturing has been conducted by VUB in Section 4, covering CLP regulation, REACH and other legislative documents and proposals. Active materials such as NMC811, NCA, LMO or silicon are to be considered of high relevance when applying the SSbD framework, given the hazards found for them, such as acute toxicity, carcinogenicity, or aquatic toxicity. Upcoming regulations on PFAS may also involve the need for change of some binders or electrolyte in LIB, and future regulations on nanomaterials used in batteries are also expected, even though they do not have a specific class yet. In Section 5, through the collection of data on the machinery design from NFT and FOM and the analysis of their design principles, several key areas have been identified by TEK to propose the best safety and sustainability practice guidelines for battery machinery manufacturing. They are summarized as follows: 1.    Increase the use of renewable and recycled materials, considering their future recyclability. 2.    Reduce the number of different material types to facilitate recycling and reuse. 3.    Minimize the use of hazardous and critical materials. 4.    Prioritize the use of local raw materials. 5.    Reduce the number of production processes and use renewable energy sources. 6.    Minimize waste generation and manage it properly during manufacturing. 7.    Implement easy assembly processes and automation to improve energy efficiency, minimize hazardous emissions, and reduce exposure to hazardous substances during the use of the machinery. 8.    Design machinery in a modular and easy disassembly way to facilitate maintenance, recycling at the EoL and adaptation to new user requirements.  9.    Consider the traceability of the product during its use and the identification of its materials and components during disassembly.

• Zenodo https://zenodo.org/records/21530392first seen 2026-07-25 04:13:48