Long-Term Contracts to Support Upstream Manufacturers in Scaling up Low-Carbon Production
低炭素生産を拡大するための上流メーカー支援における長期契約 (AI 翻訳)
Qinghua Zhu, Jiangcheng Fan, Xin Xu
🤖 gxceed AI 要約
日本語
本論文は、Appleのようなブランド企業がScope 3排出削減のために採用する長期契約（LT契約・RT契約）を分析。2社の代替メーカーが異なるクリーンエネルギーポートフォリオを持つ場合のサプライチェーン調整をモデル化し、RT契約が固定費投資を促し、供給連鎖の協調を達成することを示す。
English
This paper analyzes long-term contracts (LT and RT) used by brand firms like Apple to reduce Scope 3 emissions by supporting upstream manufacturers' low-carbon production. It models a supply chain with two substitutable manufacturers using different clean energy portfolios, showing that relational contracts align profits with fixed-cost investments and achieve coordination.
Unofficial AI-generated summary based on the public title and abstract. Not an official translation.
📝 gxceed 編集解説 — Why this matters
日本のGX文脈において
日本企業のサプライチェーン排出削減（スコープ3）はSSBJ基準や有報記載で重要性が増している。Appleのアプローチを一般化する本モデルは、日本メーカーのグリーン調達や長期契約設計に示唆を与える。
In the global GX context
This paper provides a formal model of long-term contracts for Scope 3 reduction, relevant to global disclosure frameworks like ISSB and CSRD that require supply chain emissions reporting. The findings on relational vs. wholesale price contracts offer practical guidance for corporate sustainability teams.
👥 読者別の含意
🔬研究者:A formal model of LT and RT contracts for green supply chain coordination under cost heterogeneity.
🏢実務担当者:Insights on designing long-term partnerships with manufacturers to incentivize clean energy investments.
🏛政策担当者:Evidence on contract design that can inform policies promoting supply chain decarbonisation.
📄 Abstract（原文）
To reduce Scope 3 emissions which largely originate from upstream manufacturing of products, including components and materials, brand firms are increasingly sourcing products produced using clean energy in their production processes. Despite this trend, manufacturers face practical challenges: purchasing green electricity incurs variable costs that reduce per-unit profits and may limit production expansion, whereas on-site renewable generation involves fixed costs and necessitates securing sufficient long-term orders to cover these costs. To support low-carbon production, brand firms such as Apple form long-term partnerships with key manufacturers. This study extends research on long-term wholesale price contracts (LT contracts) for green purchasing and relational contracts (RT contracts) for green supplier development, examining how these contracts coordinate a decentralized supply chain comprising two substitutable manufacturers, each using different clean energy portfolios and exhibiting heterogeneous fixed and variable costs. A LT contract offers a consistent wholesale price, while an RT contract involves an initial transfer payment and order-related payments. Both contract types aim to maximize a combined objective of profit and carbon reduction for a buyer under a repeated newsvendor setting. A manufacturer can secure orders by increasing fixed-cost investments when its variable cost is relatively high compared to the other manufacturer. This study also provides practical insights for the buyer seeking to generalize Apple’s approach through simple, implementable long-term contracts. LT contracts increase the engaged manufacturer’s production quantity relative to the short-term wholesale price (ST) contract while offering a lower wholesale price, yet they fail to achieve the first-best production level. In contrast, RT contracts align the engaged manufacturer’s profits with its fixed-cost investment, enabling supply chain coordination and further incentivizing the manufacturer to enhance fixed-cost investments.
🔗 Provenance — このレコードを発見したソース
- semanticscholar https://doi.org/10.1109/tem.2026.3685806first seen 2026-05-31 04:47:22 · last seen 2026-06-03 05:13:44
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